Encyclopedia - Literature

From Shakespeare to science fiction, read it.

Æ Éluard, Paul Capek, Karel Hafez Oe Kenzaburo Taha Husayn Abbey, Edward Académie Française academy accent Achebe, (Albert) Chinua(lumogu) Acheson, Lila Bell acrostic Adams, Henry (Brooks) Addison, Joseph Adorno, Theodor (Wiesengrund) Aesop Aestheticism Agee, James Agence France-Presse (AFP)

Agnon, S.Y. Aiken, Conrad (Potter) Akhmatova, Anna Alcaeus Alcott, (Amos) Bronson Alcott, Louisa May Aldrich, Thomas Bailey Aleixandre, Vicente Alemán, Mateo Alexandria, Library of alexandrine Alfieri, Vittorio, Count Alger, Horatio, Jr. Algren, Nelson allegory Allingham, Margery (Louise) alliteration almanac Amado, Jorge Ambler, Eric

American Renaissance Amis, Martin Amis, Sir Kingsley (William) Anacreon Andersen, Hans Christian Anderson, Sherwood Andric, Ivo Angelou, Maya Anglo-Saxon literature Angry Young Men Annales school antinovel aphorism Apollinaire, Guillaume Apollonius of Rhodes apology Apuleius, Lucius Arabic literary renaissance Aragon, Louis Arany János

Arbuthnot, John archetype archives Arden, John Aretino, Pietro Ariosto, Ludovico Arndt, Ernst Moritz Arnim, Bettina von Arnold, Matthew Arrabal, Fernando Arthurian legend Asch, Sholem Ascham, Roger Ashbery, John (Lawrence) Asimov, Isaac Associated Press (AP) Asturias, Miguel Ángel Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Atlantic Monthly, The atlas

Atwood, Margaret (Eleanor) Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) Augustan Age Austen, Jane auto sacramental autobiography Aying Aymé, Marcel Böll, Heinrich (Theodor) Bürger, Gottfried August Babel, Isaak (Emmanuilovich) Baedeker, Karl Bagehot, Walter Baker, Russell (Wayne) Bakhtin, Mikhail (Mikhailovich) Baldwin, James (Arthur) ballad ballade Ballard, J(ames) G(raham) Baltimore Sun

Balzac, Honoré de Bancroft, George Banks, Russell bard Barlow, Joel Barnes, Djuna Baroja (y Nessi), Pío Barth, John Barthelme, Donald Barthes, Roland (Gérard) Bartlett, John Basho Bataille, Georges Baudelaire, Charles (-Pierre) Baudrillard, Jean Baum, L(yman) Frank Beard, Charles A(ustin) Beat movement Beauvoir, Simone (Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand) de Beaverbrook (of Beaverbrook and of Cherkley), Maxwell Aitken, lst Baron

Beckford, William Bede, Saint Beerbohm, Sir (Henry) Max(imilian) Behan, Brendan (Francis) Behn, Aphra Bellamy, Edward Belloc, (Joseph-Pierre) Hilaire Bellow, Saul Benét, Stephen Vincent Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto Benchley, Robert (Charles) Benjamin, Walter Benn, Gottfried Bennett, (Enoch) Arnold Bennett, James Gordon Bentley, Richard Beowulf Bernanos, Georges Berryman, John bestiary

Betjeman, Sir John bibliography Bibliothèque Nationale de France Bierce, Ambrose (Gwinnett) bildungsroman biography Bioy Casares, Adolfo Birney, (Alfred) Earle Bishop, Elizabeth Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne (Martinius) Black Aesthetic movement black humour black theatre Blais, Marie-Claire Blake, William blank verse Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente Bloch, Marc (Léopold Benjamin) Blok, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) Bloom, Harold

Bloomsbury group Bluestocking Bly, Nellie Bly, Robert (Elwood) Blyton, Enid (Mary) Bo Juyi Boccaccio, Giovanni Bodleian Library Boileau (-Despréaux), Nicolas Bok, Edward (William) Bonnefoy, Yves Bontemps, Arna(ud) (Wendell) book book club Booker Prize Borges, Jorge Luis Boston Globe, The Boswell, James Bowdler, Thomas Bowen, Elizabeth (Dorothea Cole)

Bowles, Paul (Frederic) Boyle, Kay Bradbury, Ray (Douglas) Bradlee, Benjamin C(rowninshield) Bradstreet, Anne Brandes, Georg (Morris Cohen) Brant, Sebastian Braudel, (Paul Achille) Fernand Brentano, Clemens Breslin, Jimmy Breton, André Bridges, Robert (Seymour) British Library Broch, Hermann Brodsky, Joseph Brontë sisters Brooke, Rupert Brooks, Gwendolyn (Elizabeth) Brooks, Van Wyck Brown, Charles Brockden

Brown, William Wells Browne, Sir Thomas Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Bryant, William Cullen Buchanan, George Buchwald, Art(hur) Buck, Pearl Bukowski, Charles Bulgakov, Mikhail (Afanasyevich) Bulwer-Lytton, Edward (George Earl) Bunin, Ivan (Alekseyevich) bunraku Bunyan, John Burckhardt, Jacob (Christopher) Burgess, Anthony Burgess, Thornton W(aldo) burlesque Burnett, Frances (Eliza) Hodgson Burney (d'Arblay), Fanny

Burns, Robert Burroughs, Edgar Rice Burroughs, William S(eward) Burton, Robert Butler, Samuel Butler, Samuel Byatt, A(ntonia) S(usan) bylina Byron, George (Gordon) Byron, 6th Baron Céline, Louis-Ferdinand Césaire, Aimé (-Fernand-David) Cabell, James Branch Caedmon Caldwell, Erskine Callaghan, Morley (Edward) Callimachus Calvino, Italo Camões, Luís (Vaz) de Camus, Albert Canetti, Elias

Cao Zhan Capote, Truman Carducci, Giosuè Carey, Peter (Philip) Carlyle, Thomas Carpentier, Alejo Carroll, Lewis Carson, Rachel (Louise) Cartland, Dame (Mary) Barbara (Hamilton) Cary, (Arthur) Joyce (Lunel) Casanova, Giovanni Giacomo Castelo Branco, Camilo, viscount of Correia Botelho Castiglione, Baldassare Castilho, António Feliciano de Cather, Willa Cats, Jacob(us) Catullus, Gaius Valerius Cavafy, Constantine Cavalcanti, Guido Cavalier poets

Caxton, William Cela (Trulock), Camilo José Celan, Paul Cerf, Bennett (Alfred) Cervantes (Saavedra), Miguel de Chamberlain's Men Chambers, Robert and William Chandler, Raymond (Thornton) chanson de geste Chanson de Roland Chateaubriand, (François-Auguste-) René, viscount of Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterton, Thomas Chaucer, Geoffrey Cheever, John Chesnutt, Charles (Waddell) Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith) Chicago literary renaissance Chicago Tribune Chikamatsu Monzaemon

children's literature Childress, Alice Chopin, Kate Chrétien de Troyes Christian Science Monitor, The Christie, Dame Agatha (Mary Clarissa) Christine de Pisan Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cixous, Hélène Clancy, Tom Clare, John Clarke, Arthur C(harles) Classicism Cocteau, Jean codex Coetzee, J(ohn) M(ichael) Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Colette Collins, (William) Wilkie comedy

comedy of manners comic book commedia dell'arte Compton-Burnett, Dame Ivy Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur Congreve, William Connor, Ralph Conrad, Joseph Constant (de Rebecque), (Henri-) Benjamin Cooke, (Alfred) Alistair Cooper, James Fenimore Corso, Gregory Cortázar, Julio Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce couplet courtly love Cowley, Abraham Cowley, Malcolm Cowper, William Crèvecoeur, Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de

Crabbe, George Crane, (Harold) Hart Crane, Stephen Crawford, Isabella Valancy Crichton, James Cronin, A(rchibald) J(oseph) Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la Cullen, Countee Cummings, E(dward) E(stlin) Curtis, Cyrus (Herman Kotzschmar) Cydones, Demetrius Cynewulf Döblin, Alfred D'Annunzio, Gabriele Dabrowska, Maria Dahl, Roald Dana, Charles A(nderson) Dana, Richard Henry dance of death Dante (Alighieri)

Darío, Rubén Daudet, Alphonse Davenant, Sir William Davies, (William) Robertson Dawson, George Geoffrey Day-Lewis, C(ecil) Dazai, Osamu de la Mare, Walter (John) de la Roche, Mazo de Man, Paul De Quincey, Thomas De Voto, Bernard (Augustine) Decadents deconstruction Defoe, Daniel Delany, Samuel R(ay) Deledda, Grazia DeLillo, Don Derrida, Jacques Desai, Anita

detective story deus ex machina Dewey Decimal Classification di Prima, Diane diary Dickens, Charles (John Huffam) Dickey, James (Lafayette) Dickinson, Emily (Elizabeth) dictionary Diderot, Denis Didion, Joan dilemma tale Dinesen, Isak Ding Ling Dionysius of Halicarnassus Diop, Birago Ismael dithyramb Doctorow, E(dgar) L(aurence) Dodge, Mary Mapes Donne, John

Doolittle, Hilda Dos Passos, John (Roderigo) Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (Mikhaylovich) Dove, Rita (Frances) Drabble, Margaret Dreiser, Theodore (Herman Albert) Droste-Hülshoff, Annette, Baroness von Dryden, John Du Fu du Maurier, Dame Daphne du Maurier, George (Louis Palmella Busson) Duby, Georges Dumas, Alexandre Dunbar, Paul Laurence Dunbar, William Dunne, Finley Peter Durant, Will(iam James) and Ariel Duras, Marguerite Durrell, Lawrence (George) Eça de Queirós, José Maria de

Echegaray (y Eizaguirre) , José eclogue Eco, Umberto Economist, The Edda Edgeworth, Maria Eggleston, Edward Egill Skallagrímsson Ehrenburg, Ilya (Grigoryevich) Eichendorff, Joseph, Baron von eisteddfod elegy Eliot, George Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns) Elizabethan literature Elkin, Stanley (Lawrence) Ellison, Ralph (Waldo) Elytis, Odysseus Elzevir family Emerson, Ralph Waldo

Empson, Sir William Encyclopædia Britannica encyclopaedia Ennius, Quintus epic epigram epistolary novel epitaph epithalamium Esquire essay Estienne, Henri II Evelyn, John Ewald, Johannes Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe- fable fabliau fabula fairy tale Fante, John

Farah, Nuruddin farce Farquhar, George Farrar, Straus and Giroux Farrell, James T(homas) Fastnachtsspiel Faulkner, William (Cuthbert) Fauset, Jessie Redmon Feiffer, Jules Fenian cycle Ferber, Edna Ferdowsi Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (Monsanto) Fielding, Henry Figaro, Le figure of speech Financial Times Fisher, Rudolph (John Chauncey) FitzGerald, Edward Fitzgerald, F(rancis) Scott (Key)

Flaubert, Gustave Fleming, Ian (Lancaster) Fontane, Theodor fool foot, metrical Ford, Ford Madox Ford, John Ford, Richard Forester, C(ecil) S(cott) Formalism Forster, E(dward) M(organ) Foscolo, Ugo Foucault, Michel (Paul) Fowles, John (Robert) Frame (Clutha), Janet (Paterson) France, Anatole Frank, Anne(lies Marie) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) Franklin, John Hope Fraser, George MacDonald

free verse Freneau, Philip (Morin) Frisch, Max (Rudolf) Froissart, Jean Frost, Robert (Lee) Froude, James Anthony Frye, (Herman) Northrop Fuentes, Carlos Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis Futabatei Shimei Futurism Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman Góngora (y Argote), Luis de Gaddis, William (Thomas) Gaelic revival Gallant, Mavis Galsworthy, John Gao Xingjian García Lorca, Federico

García Márquez, Gabriel (José) Gardiner, Samuel Rawson Gardner, Erle Stanley Gaskell, Elizabeth (Cleghorn) Gates, Henry Louis (Jr.) gaucho literature Gautier, Théophile Geisel, Theodor Seuss Genet, Jean Genovese, Eugene D(ominick) Geoffrey of Monmouth George, Stefan Georgian poetry Gesta Romanorum ghazel Gibbon, Edward Gibran, Khalil Gibson, William (Ford) Gide, André (-Paul-Guillaume) Gill, Brendan

Gilman, Charlotte (Anna) Perkins (Stetson) Ginsberg, Allen (Irwin) Giraudoux, (Hyppolyte-) Jean Gissing, George (Robert) Gjellerup, Karl Adolph Glasgow, Ellen (Anderson Gholson) Globe and Mail, The Globe Theatre Godden, Rumer Godey's Lady's Book Godfrey of Saint-Victor Godwin, William Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Gogol, Nikolay (Vasilyevich) Golding, Sir William (Gerald) Goldsmith, Oliver goliard Gollancz, Sir Victor Gombrowicz, Witold Gonçalves Dias, Antônio

Goncourt, Edmond (-Louis-Antoine Huot de) and Jules (-Alfred Huot de) Gordimer, Nadine Gorey, Edward (St. John) Gorky, Maksim Gosse, Sir Edmund gothic novel Gottfried von Strassburg Gourmont, Rémy de Gower, John Graham, Jorie Graham, Katharine Grahame, Kenneth Grass, Günter (Wilhelm) Graves, Robert (von Ranke) Gray, Thomas Greeley, Horace Green, Julien (Hartridge) Greene, (Henry) Graham Gregory of Tours, Saint Grettis saga

Grey, Zane Grillparzer, Franz Grimm, Brothers Grosvenor, Gilbert H(ovey) Guardian, The Guarini, (Giovanni) Battista Guest, Edgar (Albert) Guizot, François (-Pierre-Guillaume) Gunn, Thom(son William) Gunther, John Guo Moruo Gustafson, Ralph (Barker) Hébert, Anne Hölderlin, (Johann Christian) Friedrich Ha Jin Hašek, Jaroslav Haggard, Sir H(enry) Rider haiku Hale, Sarah Josepha Haley, Alex(ander Palmer)

Haley, Sir William (John) Haliburton, Thomas Chandler Hall, Radclyffe Hamilton, Edith Hammett, (Samuel) Dashiell Hamsun, Knut Handke, Peter Hardy, Thomas Harlem Renaissance Harper brothers Harper's Magazine Harris, Joel Chandler Harte, Bret Hartmann von Aue Havelok the Dane, The Lay of Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hazlitt, William Head, Bessie Heaney, Seamus (Justin) Hearn, (Patricio) Lafcadio (Tessima Carlos)

Hearst, William Randolph Hebbel, (Christian) Friedrich Hecht, Ben Heidenstam, (Carl Gustaf) Verner von Heine, (Christian Johann) Heinrich Heinlein, Robert A(nson) Heller, Joseph Hemingway, Ernest (Miller) Henley, William Ernest Henry, O. Herbert, George Herbert, Zbigniew Herder, Johann Gottfried von hermeneutics Hermeticism hero Herodotus Herrick, Robert Herriot, James Hersey, John (Richard)

Hersh, Seymour (Myron) Hesiod Hesse, Hermann Heyse, Paul (Johann Ludwig von) Heywood, John Hildegard von Bingen Hilton, James (Glen Trevor) historiography Hoffmann, E(rnst) T(heodor) A(madeus) Hofmannsthal, Hugo von Hogg, James Holberg, Ludvig, Baron Holinshed, Raphael Holmes, Oliver Wendell Homer Hooper, Franklin Henry Hooper, Horace Everett Hopkins, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pauline (Elizabeth) Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca

Horace horror story Housman, A(lfred) E(dward) Howells, William Dean Hrosvitha Hughes, (James Mercer) Langston Hughes, Ted Hugo Award Hugo, Victor (-Marie) Huizinga, Johan humanism humanities Hurston, Zora Neale Huxley, Aldous (Leonard) Huysmans, Joris-Karl Ibn Battutah Ibn Gabirol Ibn Khaldun Icelanders' sagas idyll

Ihara Saikaku Iio Sogi Illustrated London News Imagism incunabulum Index librorum prohibitorum International Herald Tribune International Standard Book Number (ISBN) Iqbal, Sir Muhammad Irigaray, Luce Irish literary renaissance irony Irving, John (Winslow) Irving, Washington Isaac of Stella Isherwood, Christopher ITAR-TASS Ivanov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich Izvestiya Jami

Jackson, Shirley (Hardie) Jacobean literature James, C(yril) L(ionel) R(obert) James, Henry Jarrell, Randall Jarry, Alfred Jeffers, (John) Robinson Jelinek, Elfriede Jensen, Johannes V(ilhelm) Jewett, (Theodora) Sarah Orne Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer Jiménez, Juan Ramón Johnson, Eyvind Johnson, James Weldon Johnson, John H(arold) Johnson, Samuel Joinville, Jean, sire de jongleur Josephus, Flavius journalism

Joyce, James (Augustine Aloysius) Juvenal Kadare, Ismail Kafka, Franz Kakinomoto Hitomaro Kalidasa Kamo Chomei Karlfeldt, Erik Axel Kawabata Yasunari Kazantzákis, Níkos Kazin, Alfred Keats, John Kemal, Yashar Kempe, Margery Kempton, (James) Murray Kennedy, William Kerouac, Jack Kesey, Ken (Elton) Kielland, Alexander (Lange) King, Stephen (Edwin)

Kingsley, Charles Kingston, Maxine Hong Kipling, (Joseph) Rudyard Kleist, (Bernd) Heinrich (Wilhelm) von Knopf, Alfred A. Knowles, John Koestler, Arthur Koraïs, Adamántios Kosinski, Jerzy (Nikodem) Kotzebue, August (Friedrich Ferdinand) von Kraus, Karl Kristeva, Julia Kumin, Maxine Kundera, Milan Kunitz, Stanley (Jasspon) Kyd, Thomas Lönnrot, Elias L'Amour, Louis L'Engle, Madeleine La Bruyère, Jean de

La Fontaine, Jean de La Rochefoucauld, François VI, duke de Lacan, Jacques (-Marie-Émile) Laclos, Pierre (-Ambroise-François) Choderlos de Ladies' Home Journal Laetus, Julius Pomponius Lagerkvist, Pär (Fabian) Lagerlöf, Selma (Ottiliana Lovisa) Lamartine, Alphonse de Lamb, Charles Lancet, The Landers, Ann Landor, Walter Savage Langland, William Lao She Lardner, Ring(gold Wilmer) Larkin, Philip (Arthur) Larousse, Pierre (Athanase) Laughlin, James Laurence, Margaret

Lawamon Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert) Laxness, Halldór Lazarus, Emma le Carré, John Le Guin, Ursula K(roeber) Leacock, Stephen (Butler) Lear, Edward Leavis, F(rank) R(aymond) Lee, Harper legend Leopardi, Giacomo Lermontov, Mikhail (Yuryevich) Lesage, Alain-René Leslie, Frank Lessing, Doris (May) Levertov, Denise Levi, Primo Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair Lewis, (Percy) Wyndham

Lewis, C(live) S(taples) Lewis, Matthew Gregory Lezama Lima, José Li Bai library library classification Library of Congress Library of Congress Classification library science Lie, Jonas (Lauritz Idemil) Life limerick Lin Yutang Lindsay, (Nicholas) Vachel Lippmann, Walter literary criticism little magazine Livy Lofting, Hugh (John) Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich

London, Jack Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Lorde, Audre (Geraldine) Los Angeles Times Lost Generation Loti, Pierre Lowell, Amy Lowell, James Russell Lowell, Robert Lowry, (Clarence) Malcolm Lu Xun Luce, Henry R(obinson) Lucian Ludlum, Robert Lugones, Leopoldo Lukács, György Lyly, John lyric Mérimée, Prosper Mörike, Eduard Friedrich

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay of Rothley MacDiarmid, Hugh Macdonald, Dwight Macfadden, Bernarr Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria Mackenzie, Sir (Edward Montague) Compton Maclean's MacLeish, Archibald MacLennan, (John) Hugh MacmillanPublishers Ltd. MacNeice, Louis Madariaga y Rojo, Salvador de magazine magic realism Mahfouz, Naguib Mailer, Norman Malamud, Bernard Malherbe, François de Mallarmé, Stéphane Malory, Sir Thomas

Malraux, André (-Georges) Mandelshtam, Osip (Emilyevich) Mandeville, Sir John Mann, Thomas Mansfield, Katherine Manutius, Aldus, the Elder Manzoni, Alessandro Mao Dun Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso (Emilio) Marino, Giambattista Marot, Clément Marryat, Frederick Marsh, Dame (Edith) Ngaio Marshall, Paule Marston, John Martí (y Pérez), José Julián Martial Martin du Gard, Roger Martineau, Harriet Martinson, Harry (Edmund)

Marvell, Andrew Masefield, John Massinger, Philip Masters, Edgar Lee Matthiessen, Peter Maugham, W(illiam) Somerset Maupassant, (Henry-René-Albert-) Guy de Mauriac, François Maurois, André Maxwell, (Ian) Robert Maxwell, William Mayakovsky, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) Mayhew, Henry McCarthy, Cormac McCarthy, Mary (Therese) McCormick, Robert R(utherford) McCullers, Carson McKay, Claude McMurtry, Larry (Jeff) McPhee, John (Angus)

Medill, Joseph Melville, Herman memoir Mencken, H(enry) L(ouis) Mendele Moykher Sforim Meredith, George Merrill, James (Ingram) Merton, Thomas Merwin, W(illiam) S(tanley) metaphor Metaphysical poetry metre Milosz, Czeslaw Michelet, Jules Michener, James A(lbert) Mickiewicz, Adam (Bernard) Millay, Edna St. Vincent Miller, Henry (Valentine) Milne, A(lan) A(lexander) Milton, John

Mishima Yukio Mistral, Frédéric Mistral, Gabriela Mitchell, Margaret Mitford, Nancy Modernism Modernismo Molnár, Ferenc Mommsen, (Christian Matthias) Theodor Monde, Le Monroe, Harriet Monsarrat, Nicholas (John Turney) Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley Montaigne, Michel (Eyquem) de Montale, Eugenio Montgomery, L(ucy) M(aud) Montherlant, Henry (-Marie-Joseph-Millon) de Moore, Brian Moore, Clement Clarke Moore, Marianne (Craig)

Moravia, Alberto Morison, Samuel Eliot Morrison, Toni Mother Goose muckraker Muggeridge, Malcolm (Thomas) mumming play Munro, Alice Munsey, Frank Andrew Murasaki Shikibu Murdoch, (Keith) Rupert Murdoch, Dame (Jean) Iris Murray, Sir James (Augustus Henry) Murrow, Edward (Egbert) R(oscoe) Musset, (Louis-Charles-) Alfred de Mutanabbi, (Abu al-Tayyib Ahmad ibn Husayn) al- mystery story Nabokov, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) Naipaul, Sir V(idiadhar) S(urajprasad) Narayan(swami), R(asipuram) K(rishnaswami)

Nash, (Frederic) Ogden Nashe, Thomas Nation, The National Geographic Society Natsume Soseki naturalism Nezami Negritude Nemerov, Howard Neorealism Neruda, Pablo Neue Zürcher Zeitung Nevins, Allan New Comedy New Criticism New Republic, The New York Daily News New York Public Library New York Times, The New Yorker, The

Newbery, John Newhouse family Newman, John Henry news agency Newsday newspaper Newsweek Ngugi wa Thiong'o Nibelungenlied Niebuhr, Barthold Georg nihilism Nin, Anaïs Njáls saga Nobel Prize nonsense verse Norris, (Benjamin) Frank(lin) Northcliffe (of Saint Peter), Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Novalis novel novella

nursery rhyme O'Brian, Patrick O'Brien, Flann O'Connor, (Mary) Flannery O'Connor, Frank O'Faolain, Sean O'Flaherty, Liam O'Hara, John (Henry) Oates, Joyce Carol Ochs, Adolph Simon ode Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob Omar Khayyam Ondaatje, (Philip) Michael Orczy, Emmuska (Magdalena Rosalia Marie Josepha Barbara), Baroness Orwell, George Osservatore Romano, L' Ossianic ballads ottava rima Otway, Thomas

Ouida Ouyang Xiu Ovid Owen, Wilfred Oxford English Dictionary, The (OED) Oxford, Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oz, Amos Ozick, Cynthia Pérez Galdós, Benito Paley, Grace Palgrave, Francis Turner pamphlet Pamuk, Orhan Panchatantra panegyric paradox Paris-Match Parker, Dorothy Parkman, Francis Parks, Gordon

Parnassian parody Parra, Nicanor Pasternak, Boris (Leonidovich) pastoral Pater, Walter (Horatio) Paton, Alan (Stewart) Pavese, Cesare Paz, Octavio Peacock, Thomas Love Pearson, Drew Pepys, Samuel Percy, Walker Perelman, S(idney) J(oseph) Peretz, I(saac) L(eib) periodical Perkins, Maxwell (Evarts) Perrault, Charles Pessoa, Fernando (António Nogueira) Petofi, Sándor

Petrarch Petronius Arbiter, Gaius Phaedrus Philadelphia Inquirer philosophe picaresque novel Pindar Pindaric ode Pinsky, Robert Planudes, Maximus Plath, Sylvia Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Plutarch Poe, Edgar Allan poet laureate poetry Poetry Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco Politian

Polybius Pontoppidan, Henrik Pope, Alexander pornography Porter, Katherine Anne postmodernism poststructuralism Potok, Chaim Potter, (Helen) Beatrix Pound, Ezra (Loomis) Powell, Anthony (Dymoke) Prévert, Jacques (-Henri-Marie) Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine-François, Abbé Pramoedya Ananta Toer Pratt, E(dwin) J(ohn) Pravda Pre-Raphaelites Prensa, La Prescott, William H(ickling) Pritchett, Sir V(ictor) S(awdon)

problem play Propertius, Sextus prose prose poem prosody Proulx, (Edna) Annie Proust, Marcel proverb publishing Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer, Joseph Punch Pushkin, Aleksandr (Sergeyevich) Pyle, Ernie Pynchon, Thomas Qu Yuan Quarles, Francis Quasimodo, Salvatore Queen, Ellery Queneau, Raymond

Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur (Thomas) Quintilian Récamier, Madame de Rølvaag, Ole (Edvart) Rumi Rabéarivelo, Jean-Joseph Rabelais, François Radcliffe, Ann Rand, Ayn Random House, Inc. Ranke, Leopold von Ransom, John Crowe Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan Reade, Charles Reader's Digest realism Remarque, Erich Maria Renan, (Joseph-) Ernest renga Reston, James (Barrett)

Restoration literature Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron von Reuter Reuters Rexroth, Kenneth Reymont, Wladyslaw (Stanislaw) rhetoric rhyme Rhys, Jean Rich, Adrienne (Cecile) Richards, I(vor) A(rmstrong) Richardson, Dorothy M(iller) Richardson, Henry Handel Richardson, John Richardson, Samuel Richler, Mordecai Richter, Conrad (Michael) riddle Riley, James Whitcomb Rilke, Rainer Maria Rimbaud, (Jean-Nicolas-) Arthur

Ripley, George Ritsos, Yannis Robbe-Grillet, Alain Roberts, Sir Charles G(eorge) D(ouglas) Robinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, James Harvey Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd earl of Roethke, Theodore Rolland, Romain Rolle, Richard (de Hampole) Romains, Jules roman à clef Roman de la Rose romance Romanticism rondeau Ronsard, Pierre de Ross, Harold W(allace) Rossetti, Christina (Georgina) Rossetti, Gabriele (Pasquale Giuseppe)

Roth, Philip (Milton) Rowe, Nicholas Rowling, J(oanne) K(athleen) Royall, Anne Newport Royko, Mike Royster, Vermont (Connecticut) Ruiz, Juan Runeberg, Johan Ludvig runic writing Runyon, (Alfred) Damon Rushdie, Sir (Ahmed) Salman Rymer, Thomas Sévigné, Marquise de Sachs, Nelly (Leonie) Sackville-West, Vita Sade, Marquis de Safire, William saga Sagan, Françoise Said, Edward W(adie)

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine (-Marie-Roger) de Saint-John Perse Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin Saintsbury, George (Edward Bateman) Saki Salinger, J(erome) D(avid) Salisbury, Harrison E(vans) Sallust samizdat Sand, George Sandburg, Carl Santayana, George Sappho Saramago, José Saro-Wiwa, Ken Saroyan, William Sarpi, Paolo Sarraute, Nathalie satire Saussure, Ferdinand de

Saxo Grammaticus Sayers, Dorothy L(eigh) Scaliger, Julius Caesar, and Scaliger, Joseph Justus Scarron, Paul Schiff, Dorothy Schiller, (Johann Christoph) Friedrich (von) Schlegel, August Wilhelm von Schlegel, Friedrich von Schlesinger, Arthur M(eier); and Schlesinger, Arthur M(eier), Jr. Schreiner, Olive (Emilie Albertina) Schwartz, Delmore science fiction Scientific American Scott, Paul (Mark) Scott, Sir Walter, 1st Baronet Scribner family Scribner, Charles Scripps, Edward Willis Seferis, George Seifert, Jaroslav

Seldes, George Sembène, Ousmane semiotics Service, Robert (William) Sewell, Anna Sexton, Anne Shadwell, Thomas Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shirer, William L(awrence) Shklovsky, Viktor (Borisovich) Sholem Aleichem Sholokhov, Mikhail (Aleksandrovich) short story Shute, Nevil Sicilian school Sidney, Sir Philip Sienkiewicz, Henryk (Adam Alexander Pius) Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Sillitoe, Alan

Silone, Ignazio Silver Age Simenon, Georges (-Joseph-Christian) Simic, Charles simile Simon & Schuster, Inc. Simon, Claude (Eugène Henri) Sinclair, Upton (Beall) Singer, Isaac Bashevis Sitwell family skaldic poetry Skelton, John slave narrative Smith, George Smith, Red Smith, Stevie Smollett, Tobias (George) Snorri Sturluson Snow, C(harles) P(ercy) Snyder, Gary (Sherman)

social history Socialist Realism Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (Isayevich) Somerville and Ross sonnet Sontag, Susan Southey, Robert Spark, Dame Muriel Spectator, The Spender, Sir Stephen (Harold) Spengler, Oswald Spenser, Edmund Spiegel, Der Spillane, Mickey Spitteler, Carl spoonerism sprung rhythm Spyri, Johanna Staël, Germaine de Stars and Stripes, The

Stead, Christina (Ellen) Steele, Sir Richard Stegner, Wallace (Earle) Stein, Gertrude Steinbeck, John (Ernst) Steinem, Gloria Steiner, (Francis) George Stendhal Stephen, Sir Leslie Sterling, Bruce Stern Sterne, Laurence Stevens, Wallace Stevenson, Robert Louis (Balfour) Stewart, J(ohn) I(nnes) M(ackintosh) Stiernhielm, Georg Stoker, Bram Stone, I(sidor) F(einstein) Stone, Robert (Anthony) Stout, Rex (Todhunter)

Stowe, Harriet Beecher Strachey, (Giles) Lytton Strand, Mark Stratemeyer, Edward stream of consciousness Sturm und Drang stylistics Styron, William Suckling, Sir John Suetonius Sully Prudhomme Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of Surtees, Robert Smith Svevo, Italo Swift, Jonathan Swinburne, Algernon Charles Symbolist movement Symonds, John Addington

Symons, Arthur (William) Szymborska, Wislawa Tacitus Tagore, Rabindranath Taine, Hippolyte (-Adolphe) Tanizaki Jun'ichiro Tannhäuser Tarbell, Ida M(inerva) Tarkington, (Newton) Booth Tasso, Torquato Tate, (John Orley) Allen Tate, Nahum Tawney, Richard Henry Taylor, Peter (Hillsman) Teasdale, Sara Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron Tennyson (of Aldworth and Freshwater) Terkel, Studs terza rima Thackeray, William Makepeace Theocritus

Thespis Thomas, Dylan (Marlais) Thomas, Helen Thomas, Lowell (Jackson) Thompson, Dorothy Thompson, E(dward) P(almer) Thompson, Hunter S(tockton) Thomson (of Fleet), Roy (Herbert) Thomson, 1st Baron Thoreau, Henry David Thousand and One Nights, The Thucydides Thurber, James (Grover) Tieck, (Johann) Ludwig Time Times Literary Supplement (TLS) Times, The Tocqueville, Alexis (-Charles-Henri-Maurice Clérel) de Tolkien, J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolstoy, Aleksey (Konstantinovich), Count Tolstoy, Aleksey (Nikolayevich), Count

Tolstoy, Leo Toomer, Jean Toronto Star, The Torres Bodet, Jaime Tourneur, Cyril Toynbee, Arnold (Joseph) tragedy tragicomedy Traherne, Thomas Transcendentalism Traven, B. Treitschke, Heinrich von Trevelyan, G(eorge) M(acauley) Trevor, William Trilling, Lionel Tristan and Isolde Trollope, Anthony troubadour trouvère Tsvetayeva, Marina (Ivanovna)

Tuchman, Barbara Turgenev, Ivan (Sergeyevich) Turner, Frederick Jackson Tutuola, Amos Twain, Mark Tyler, Anne U.S. News & World Report Udall, Nicholas Ulster cycle Unamuno (y Jugo), Miguel de Undset, Sigrid Ungaretti, Giuseppe Updike, John (Hoyer) USA Today Volsunga saga Valéry, (Ambroise-) Paul (-Toussaint-Jules) Valla, Lorenzo Valle-Inclán, Ramón María del Van Doren, Carl (Clinton) and Mark Vanbrugh, Sir John

Vargas Llosa, (Jorge) Mario (Pedro) Varro, Marcus Terentius Vaughan, Henry Verga, Giovanni Verhaeren, Émile Verlaine, Paul (-Marie) Verne, Jules vers de société Vidal, Gore Vigny, Alfred-Victor, count de Villon, François Virgil Vittorini, Elio Voltaire Vondel, Joost van den Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. Vorticism Voznesensky, Andrey (Andreyevich) Wace Walcott, Derek (Alton)

Walker, Alice (Malsenior) Wall Street Journal, The Wallace, (Richard Horatio) Edgar Wallace, (William Roy) DeWitt Wallace, Lew(is) Waller, Edmund Walpole, Horace, 4th earl of Orford Walpole, Sir Hugh (Seymour) Walter, John Walther von der Vogelweide Walton, Izaak Warren, Robert Penn Washington Post, The Wassermann, Jakob Waugh, Evelyn (Arthur St. John) Webster, Noah Wells, H(erbert) G(eorge) Welsh literary renaissance Welty, Eudora West, Dame Rebecca

West, Nathanael western Wharton, Edith (Newbold) Wheatley, Phillis White, E(lwyn) B(rooks) White, Patrick (Victor Martindale) White, T(erence) H(anbury) White, Theodore H(arold) White, William Allen Whitman, Walt(er) Whittier, John Greenleaf Wideman, John Edgar Wiesel, Elie Wiggin, Kate Douglas Wilbur, Richard (Purdy) Wilde, Oscar (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills) Wilder, Laura Ingalls William of Auvergne William of Auxerre Williams, William Carlos

Wilson, Colin (Henry) Wilson, Edmund Wilson, Harriet E. Winchell, Walter Winsor, Justin Wister, Owen Wodehouse, Sir P(elham) G(renville) Wolf, Christa Wolfe, Thomas (Clayton) Wolfe, Tom Wolfram von Eschenbach Wollstonecraft, Mary Woodson, Carter G(odwin) Woodward, C(omer) Vann Woolf, (Adeline) Virginia Woollcott, Alexander (Humphreys) Worde, Wynkyn de Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth, William Wouk, Herman

Wright, Richard Wu Cheng'en Wyatt, Sir Thomas Wycherley, William Xenophon Yeats, William Butler yellow journalism Yesenin, Sergey (Aleksandrovich) Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (Aleksandrovich) Yijing York plays Yourcenar, Marguerite Zamyatin, Yevgeny (Ivanovich) Zangwill, Israel Zeami Zenger, John Peter Zola, Émile (-Édouard-Charles-Antoine) Zorrilla (y Moral), José Zunz, Leopold Zweig, Arnold

Zweig, Stefan